Engine controller



y 6, 1958 A. w. GARDINER ETAL 2,833,356

ENGINE CONTROLLER 12' Sheets-Sheet I Original Filed Sept. 7, 1949 9 Jim/y D042) ARM W. K0079? HR 'IMK W Gill/.3475 WILLARD T. AUG/(EL 72-751 n./ Paws/,1

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y 6, 1958 A. w. GARDINER ETAL 2,833,356

' ENGINE CONTROLLER Original Filed Sept. 7. 1949 12 Sheets-Sheet 2 May 6, 1958 A. w. GARDINER ETAL ENGINE CONTROLLER Original Filed Sept. 7, 1949 12 Sheets-Sheet 3 2 l) W. i I." N 32 @M m m flmwmfi A M M M l W. p m u MMMM di m AMMP in :N

y 6, 1 5 A. w. GARDINER ETAL 2,833,356

v I ENGINE CONTROLLER 1958 A. w. GARDINER r-z-rAg 2,833,356

ENGINE- CONTROLLER Original Filed Sept. 7. 1949 y 12 Sheets-Sheet 5 May 6, 1958 A. w. GARDINER ETAL ENGINE CONTROLLER Original Filed Sept. 7, 1949 y 6, 58 A. w. GARDINER r-z-rm. 2,833,356

ENGINE CONTROLLER Original Filed Sept '7, 1949 12 Sheets-Sheet '7 NNMQ May 6, 1958 A. w. GARDINER r:rA|

ENGINE CONTROLLER Original Filed Sept. 7. 1949 12 Sheets-Sheet 8 y 1958 A. w. GARDINER ETAL 2,833,356

ENGINE CONTROLLER l2 Sheets-Sheet 9 Original Filed Sept. 7, 1949 y 6, 8 A. w. GARDINER ETAL 2,833,356

ENGINE I CONTROLLER Original Filed Sept. '7, 1949 12 Sheets-Sheet 1O DEGREE-S OF CAM MOVEMENT 20 6o 40 60 a0 I00 [/0 I20 E/VG//VE INTAKE PRESSURE lNcl/E-S 0F MEPCMQY ff) 0/ MIN ZEVE/i Hal i/VENT I5 Y z DEGREES 0F MAM! LEVER MOVE-NEW Q2,

May 6, 1958 A- W. GARDINER ETAL ENGINE CONTROLLER 12 Sheets-Sheet 11 Original Filed Sept. 7, 1949 SEE EkF

uam'o asuoH sm'llsdoad I May 6, 1958 A. w. GARDINER ETAL ENGINE CONTROLLER Original Filed Sept. '7, 1949 a MWQM m g z m K 3% 'manifold pressure.

ENGINE CONTROLLER Arthur W. Gardiner and Arthur W. Gaubatz, Indianapolis Ind., Willard T. Nickel, Rochester, N. Y.', and John Dolza, Davisburg, and Peter W. Perish, Flint, Mich., assignors to General Motors Corporation, Detroit, Mich., a corporation of Delaware Original application September 7, 1949, Serial No. 114,438, now Patent No. 2,708,426, dated May 17, 1955. Divided and this application February 25, 1955, Serial No. 490,508

3 Claims. (Cl. 170135.74)

This invention relates to aircraft and the primary object is to render the operation of aircraft more safe and effective by simplifying the control of the engine and the propeller. the engine from overboosting, from overspeeding and from improper setting of the carburetor for mixture :strength.

This is a division of application S. N. 114,438, filed (September 7, 1949, now Patent No. 2,708,426, which is .a continuation-in-part of application S. N. 449,918, filed July 6, 1942, now abandoned.

More particularly, we aim to safeguard To accomplish these objects, we provide an automatic engine controller comprising an automatic manifold pressure regulator which is manually controlled by a single control lever operated by the pilot for setting the pressure regulator to maintain a selected manifold pressure in predetermined relation to altitude. We provide means set by the control lever for adjusting mixture strength in coordinated relation to the selection of the manifold pressure. We provide means set by the control lever for controlling the setting of the propeller pitch adjuster whereby a certain engine or propeller R. P. M. is selected in coordinated relation to the selection of The engine throttle valve is partly under direct control by the control lever and partly under control by the automatic pressure regulator, the control by the control lever being sufiicient to control the throttle valve to make a takeoff or safe landing. We provide speed responsive means operating throughthe automatic pressure regulator for effecting a closing movement of the throttle valve when a certain engine or propeller speed is exceeded.

Further objects and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following description, reference being had to the accompanying drawings wherein a preferred embodiment of the present invention is clearly shown.

In the drawings:

Figure 1 is a side elevation of the device;

Figure 2 is a side elevation viewed from the direction opposite to Figure 1. The part shown in section is taken on line 2-2 of Figure 9;

Figure 3 is aplan view of the device;

Figure 4 is an end view looking in the direction of arrow 4 of Figure l;

Figure 5 is an end view looking in the direction of arrow 5 of Figure 1;

Figure 6 is a view partly in vertical section on the line 6-6 of Figure 4, illustrating particularly the pressurecontrolled mechanism for controlling the position of the carburetor throttle valve; I

Figure 7 is a detail sectional view on the line 7-7 of Figure 5 showing a portion of the mechanism for controlling the mixture ratio and of the mechanism for controlling engine or propeller R. P. M. (speed);

Figure 8 is a detail section on the line 8-8 of Figure 7;

2 2,833,356 Patented May 6, 1958 ice Figure 9 is a detail section on the line 9-9 of Figure 7; I

Figure 9a is a detail section on line 9a-9a of Figure 9;

Figure 10 is a detail section on the line 10-19 of Figure 6;

Figure 11 is a detail section on the line 11-11 of Figure 1;

Figure 12 is a detail section on the line 12-12 of Figure 7;

Figure 12a is a sectional view of a speed responsive switch;

Figure 13 is a sectional view on the line 13-13 of Figure 7;

Figure 14 is a detail section on the line 14-14 of Figure 1;

Figure 15 is a diagrammatic view illustrating the various pressure controlled mechanisms and the fluid conduits through which fluid under pressure is conveyed to the several pressure-operated devices;

Figures 16, 17 and 18a are charts showing the functions of the device; 7

Figure 18 is a diagram of themode of operation of the device showing various positions of the throttle valve resulting from various positions of the main control lever of the device;

Figure 19 is a diagram showing the, device connected with the pilots control lever in the cockpit of the airplane, and the effect of moving said control-lever into emergency throttle closing position.

Figure 20 is a diagram of a certain movement of the differential lever of the device. p

The framework of the device comprises two housings indicated generically by the reference numbers 2 and 4 which are secured together in any suitable way, as by bolts 6. The housing 2 is provided with mounting pad 7 adapted to be secured to the engine or to some other suitable supporting means. The pressure operated mechanism for controlling the position of the throttle valve is located within the housing 2 and the mechanism for controlling the engine or propeller R. P. M. and the fuel mixture ratio is located within the housing 4, these mechanisms operating to position the several instrumentalities controlled thereby through the medium of a system of levers principally located outside the two housings and supported thereby. Referring to Fig. 6, it will be noted that screws 10 secure to the housing 2 end plate or head 8 in which certain fluid passages are formed, for a purpose later set forth.

' Referring to Figs. 1, 6 and 19, the carburetor throttle valve V is rotated by an arm 11 connected by a link 12 with the stud 13 of a differential bell crank lever 14, by any suitable form of universal joint 16. The .lever 14 is enlarged to form a hub '15 to receive the outer race of a ball bearing 17, the inner race of which is supported by a stud 17a carried by an arm 18 which is secured to a shaft 20 which extends through the housing 4 and is suitably journalled for rotation therein. The housing generically designated 4 comprises two' parts, 22 and 24, secured together by suitable machine screws 26 and bushings 27, which are secured between the parts 22 and 24 as shown in Fig. 12, provide bearings for the shaft 20.

The lower end 28 of the lever 14 is pivotally connected at 29 with a link 30 pivotally connected at31 with a piston rod 32 attached in any suitable manner .to a piston 34 slidable in a cylinder 36 .formed in the housing 2. The piston 34 is normally held in the position shown in Fig. 6 by a spring 38 located between the piston 34 and a cylinder head 40 which is fixed in oneend of thecylinder 36 and has a sleeve 42 formed at the center thereof to provide a bearing in which one end of the messag catcd in the opposite end of cylinder 36 and has formed h thereon a shoulder 46 which is engaged by aportion 48* of the section 24 of housing 4 secured to the housing 2 by screws 50. The cylinder head 44 has a centrally. disposed cylindrical extension 52in which is rece'ved. a bushing 54 which provides a second, bearing to the piston rod 32 Av suitable packing gland 56, is provided to prevent any leakage of fluid around the piston rod.

The piston 34 and cylinder 36.constitute, aservo-rnotor for automatically operating the differential lever .to move the throttle valve ofthe carburetor in response to movementsof the piston; and oil pressure, as controlled by an automatic valve and provides the motive power for moving the piston. To effect movement of th'epi oil under pressure is supplied to .a passage 6.9 (Pi 4, 10, 11 and formed in the wall of the housing 2 from any suitable. oil line. leading to the engine which line may be connected at 61 (Figs. 1 and 4). At a point intermediate its ends, the oil passage 60 communicates with short passage 62 perpendicular thereto and also formed within the wall of the housing and best shown in Figs. 6 and 11. The passage 62 communicates with an annular groove 64 formed in the outer wall of a valve guide 66 which forms the fixed part of a control valve hereinafter described in detail. The oil' flows from the passage. 64, as determined by the control valve, either through the orifice 6 8, whichextends through the wall of cylinder. 36 and communicates directly with the space 70 within the cylinder at the right side of the piston 34 in Fig. 6', or. into the. passage 72 shown in Figs. 6 and 10, fiforn which it flows through a horizontal passage 74, shown inFig. 10; formed inthe. wall of the cylinder 36 to. the port 76, through which it flows through the port 76 into cylinder 36 on the left side of the piston 34, as w nE e When oil u der pressure is. admitted through orifice 68 to space 70', .the piston moves to the left and the control. valve permits oil to flow from the space at the left of pistonpand, vice versa, when oil under PICSa sure is admitted the control valve to passages 72, 74 1 o n 1 cause piston 34fto move to the right. while oil is .pe ed to flow out through passage 68. In case of failure of oil under pressure, the piston 34 is returned by the. spring 3h to the. position shown in Fig. 6, thus partly closjing the thnottleivalve. Return of the throttle valve to idle position i setfected by manual operation, as wi be s sc' be b e t ll late? The control anemo es; the valve guide 66 previously referred to and a movable. valve 80 slidable- ..within the guide. 66. Thevalve 8,0, is movable in a manner described more fully heneinafter. by manuallyopera'ble mechanism and automatically by devices movahleinresppnseto manifold pressure: The position of the valve 80. controlsthe flow of oil to. the opposite'sides of piston 32 and, therefore, contrgols the movement. of the piston andthe position of the throttle. i

The valve guide 66,is.fitted withina cylindrical bore 82 formed in the end wall of housing 2, the. bore having a s ld 4 me .th q wrh s s nga e flan e 86 formed'atone; end. of valve guide. 66, A. spri 1jg.83. low

catedbetween guide 66 and. part. 48 of." housing. section, 2.4

m a e fl n 8. e ast h sr84.- A ta e. f r th s ss s Wa EP P-QEW JF F emer e oute wa l which wun at w th hi Pa t 6% through which oil is supplied under pressure. Groove; 64.

is located between two other annular grooyesQQand-QZ in the. valve guide 60. Grooves 64, 9Q:and.9;2 are; con; nected, respectively, by ports- 94, 96 and 98 with. themterior. ofvalve guide 66. As; shown in Big, 10, there are,

a plurality of each of the several ports 94,, 96 and 98an d the flowv through these ports is co trolled by the valvefii).

whichhas provided. on its-outer snrface twoxcircu rnferr ential ribs or. lands100 and. 102, which are, spaced'apart and, havc a sliding fit with theainner wall; ofivalve'guide. 6- AS e a s. 891s 1 y l ter de cr bed its? the position of the lands 1G0 and 102 with respect to the several ports 94, 96 and 98 controls the flow of oil and the position of the piston 34, by determining which of the ports 96 and 98 are in communication with port 94.

For instance, with the parts in the position shown in Fig. 6, the valve is in such a position that the ports 94 and 96 lie between the two lands 100 and 102. in this position of the parts the oil, which enters under pressure through passage 62, will flow through port 94 into the space between the wall of the valve 80 and the inner wall of. valve guide 66 into passage 72, through passage 74 and orifice 76 into cylinder 36 at the left of the piston 34. This would cause, a movement. of the piston toward the position in which it is shown in Fig. 6. During this movement of the piston 34, any oil to the right of such piston would be forced out of the cylinder 36. through ports 98 into the space within the right end. of valve guide 66 and to the right of the rib 102; This space is connected with the low pressure oil reservoir through drain passages 93,95 and 124 (Figs. 1, 4 and 15) connected with a low pressure return to theoil reservoir.

If the. tubular. member 80. is moved far enough to the right for the ports 94 and 98'to lie between the ribs 100. and 102, then the oil which enters the passage 62 "will flow inwardly through the port 94 and outwardly through the port 98 which. communicates with passage 68' through. which oil is formed into the cylinder 36 at the rightof the. piston 34, creating a pressure, thereon which will move the piston toward the left in Fig. 6. Upon such. movement of the. piston, oil lying to the left of'the piston is forced out of the cylinder, flowing through port 76 and communicating passages 74 and 72 into the space between the tubular element 80 and guide 66 at the leftofthe rib 10%. This space is incommunication with the interior of the main housing section 2 from which the oil flows back to the oil reservoir of the engine. To this end an orifice is provided in the housing inst above the cylinder 36 that connects. with a substantially horizontal passage 122 which, in turn, connects with the vertical passage 124 as shown in Fig. 4. At its upper end, the passage 124 communicates with a horizontal passage 126 which opens into the space in the housing 2, as shown in Fig. 6. When the engine is in operation, oil. may stand in the housing as high as the level of passage 126, but when the engine is stopped, the, oil .in.the housing-2 runs out through orifice 120. and the,ho using be comes empty.

The valve 80, during. most of the time when the engine. isin operation, occupies a position somewhere between the two extreme positions previously described, in which the. port 94 is the only one of the ports in cylinder 66 which lies between the lands 100 and 162. With the parts in this position, there can be nofiow of oil and the piston 34 is in a condition of balance with no force tending to move it in either direction, at what ever position it may have occupied when the valve 80 moved to such intermediate position.

The movementof the valve 8010 different positions to perform the functions previously described is brought about partly by manual control means and partly by automatic control mechanism operable in response to changes in pressure within theengine manifold. In order to move the valve element, a rod 130 is fastened to valve 80 and clevis 132. The clcvis 132 is pivotally connectd at 134 to one end of a lever 136 pivotally mounted on a pin 138. The other end of the lever is engaged by a spring 140 which is received in a bore 142 formed in the wallof the housingsection. 2 and lies between the end of lever 136 and a plug 141 which is threaded in the end of the bore 142. The spring 140 causes the upper end oflever 136 to be urged against a cam 1.44. The cam 144.is..rotated manually to determine the position of one end .ofthelever 136' and thereby to determine the initial. location Qffih movable valve. 8!), vwhichtvalve is positioned also by the shifting of the pivot pin 138 variation in manifold pressure. 'In order manually to ro-.

tate the cam 144, it is secured to, or may be integral with, one end of a shaft 146 as best shown in Fig. 11. The shaft 146 is rotatably mounted in a cylindrical sleeve 148 which is journalled for rotation in boss 150 formed on the wall of housing sectionZ. For a purpose to be referred to later, the axis of rotation of shaft 146 is normally located above the axis of rotation of the sleeve 148. The sleeve 148 is provided with a flange 152, one end of which is adapted to engage a shoulder 154 fonmed on the housing wall, while an operating lever 156 is secured to the sleeve 148 at the opposite end thereof; and, when the device is assembled, the shoulder 152 and the operating lever 156 which is secured to the sleeve 148 by a screw 158 prevent any longitudinal movement 0 the sleeve 148.

'In order to rotate the shaft 146 which carries the earn 144, the shaft has secured thereto, at the, opposite end thereof, an operating arm 160 having a flat 161 engaging a corresponding flat 162 on the shaft 146. Thus, the operating arm is always secured to the shaft 146 in the same position. The arm 160 has a split clamping hub 163, which, when the arm is properly positioned on the shaft, is tightened by a clamping screw .164, so as to be secured to the shaft 146. A clevis 166 is pivotally connected to the arm 160 by pin 168 placed in either one of two holes 170 formed in the end of the arm 160. The purpose of the two holes is to vary the degree of angular movement of the shaft 160 for the same degree of movement of the clevis 166. The clevis 166 is part of a rod or link 172, which is adjustable with respect to the clevis 166 and may be set in any position of adjustment by the nut 174 (Fig. 2). The opposite end of the rod 172 is pivota-lly connected with a lever 180 having three holes 178, one of which may be selected to receive a pin 176 passing through a clevis 177 in the end of rod 172. Lever 180 is secured by means of a clamping screw 182 to the knurled end of the shaft 20 (left end of shaft 20 in Fig. 12), which is rotatably mountedin bearings 27 retained by the walls of sections 22 and 24 of the housing 4. The right end of shaft 20 (Fig. 12) is connected with the main control lever, designated in its entirety by numeral 186, and comprising a part 186a loosely journalled on shaft 20 and a part 186b attached to shaft 20 by a clamping screw 1860. When lever part 186a rotates counter-clockwise a spring 480 transmits motion to lever part 186b. Spring 480 surrounds a stud 481 attached to lever part 186a and extends through a hole in lever part 186b and receives a washer 482 retained by a pin 483. Pin 483 limits the separation of lever parts 186a and 186b due to the action of spring 480 which normally is under compression. The purpose of the construction of the main control lever, designated generally by number 186a, will be described later. The lever 186 (Fig. 1) has one or more holes 187 for receiving a pin by which a link may be connected leading to the pilots control lever in the cook'- pit of the airplane. It will be apparent from the foregoing that, through the chain of connections described, lever 186 will move the cam 144 to whatever position the pilot may select. As shown in Fig. 6, movement of the lever 186 also causes movement of the engine throttle due to the fact that, as shaft 20 is rotated, the floating fulcrum 17a of lever 14 is rotated about the axis of shaft 20. I

If the pivot 138 of the lever 136 (Fig. 6) is stationary when the movement of cam 144 takes place, the lever arms 242 and 250 that the relation of movement of lever' 136 and the valve 80 will be moved a corresponding receivedin bore in a tubular boss 204 of housing part 8. A screw 205 passes through a plain hole in a bushing 208 threaded in boss 204 and threadedly engagesthe stern 202. A nut 210, threaded on bushing 208, may be screwed against the boss 204 to hold the bushing 208 in a position of adjustment for a purpose to be described. A nut cover cap 211 is secured between the head 206 of screw 205 and the bushing 208 to prevent turning the nut 210 by a wrench and moreover to conceal the nut 210,

thereby making it less likely that the adjustment of bush-- ing 208 will be disturbed after the apparatus leaves the factory. By screwing the adjustment bushing or sleeve 208 in or out, the pivot 138 can be brought into the cor rect position relative to the cam 144 and the assembly of valve and guide 66.

The space within the bellows 196 is evacuated; and the collapsing of the bellows 196 is resisted by a heavy spring 212 and a lighter spring 214 located between thediscs- 192 and 200 under certain states of initial compression.

The right end edge of bellows 198 is sealed to a ring 216 secured by screws 217 to housing 2, there being a gasket 218 between the housing 2 and the ring 216. Ring 216 carries a spring retainer ring 219 engaged by a spring 220 held under a certain state of normal compression between the disc 194 and ring 219. The interior of bellows 198 is connected with the engine manifold by a passage 222 in housing 2 (Fig. 15) and a suitable connecting pipe, not shown. Spring 220 opposes collapsing of bellows 198 as manifold pressure decreases.

The effective areas of the bellows 196 and'198 are Bq proper selection of the springs 212, 214 and 270, the.

desired movement of the pivot 138 as a function of pressure change within bellows 198 is obtained. I The control by the lever 186 of the selection of engine or propeller R. P. M. will now be des'cribedwithreference to Figs. 7, 12 and 13. Fig. 7 shows that shaft 20 (operated by control lever 186) drives a segment gear 230 which is secured to the shaft for rotation therewith and meshes with a gear 232 attached to a cam plate 234 rotatable on a stationary rod 236. Plate 234 has a cam slot designated generally by numeral 238 for receiving a follower roller 240 pivotally carried by an arm 242 integral with a yoke 244 straddling the plate 234 and integral with trunnions 246 and 248 journalled in bearings 245 and 247, respectively, carried by housing sections 22 and 24. Trunnion 246 drives an arm 250 connected by' any suitable linkage (not shown) with a controller which.

will be described later, when the main control lever 186 is moved the cam 238 produces such movements of the ness of the fuel mixture will now be described with reference first to Fig. 7. The periphery of the cam plate 234 controls the operation of a servo piston 272, which is movable to different positions to regulate the mixture proportions in a manner to be described. The piston 272 is slidable within a cylinder 274 formed in the hous-f ing section 24. The cylinder 274 is closed at one end by a threaded plug 276 which is screwed thereinto and limits the movement of the piston toward the right, said piston being normally held in a position adjacent to the plug. when the engine is not running, by a compression spring 278, received between the piston and the opposite end of the cylinder. When the engine is in operation, the pis .ton is movable by oil pressure to determine automatically,

' that the slot 286 straddles the pin 288 into which the end of arm 284 projects which extends across the slot in the piston rod.

The arm 284 is secured to an enlarged hub 292 on a shaft 294 which is rotatably journallcd in bushings 296 and 298, between the upper and lower housing sections 22 and 24 (Fig. 8). Thcend of bushing 296 is closed. The bushings have flanges 300 which are received, when the parts are assembled, between the housing sections 22 and 24 and flanges 302 and 303 on the shaft 294, so that the shaft is prevented from axial movement.

One end of shaft 294 is knurled at 304 and an arm 306 is correspondingly knurled and secured thereto by a pin 308, or in any other suitable way. At its upper end, the arm 306 is pivotally connected to an adjustable link comprising a clevis 310 and a rod 312 screwed thereinto and provided with a lock nut 314 to hold it in any adjusted position with respect to the clevis, so as to vary the length of the link as desired. The clevis is bifurcated at the end which is connected to the arm 306; and the flattened upper end 316 of the arm is received between the two parts of the clevis to which it ispivotally connected in any suitable way to permit some lateral play at the'connection as well as rotation in the pivot. This rod 314 is formed with a rectangular cross-section at the opposite end and is then bifurcated to receive between the parts thereof a short flattened arm 320 which extends from a cylindrical member 322. The arm 320 is pivotal ly connected -by a bolt 323 which has a loose enough fit with the arm to permit some lateral as well as pivotal movement.

The member 322 is rotatable on a sleeve 324, but is adapted to rotate therewith to control the fuel mixture ratio. The sleeve 324 somewhat loosely surrounds the outer cylindrical surface of an elongated not 325 having a hexagonal socket 326 and screwed upon a stud 328 attached to a rotatablemember 330 which regulates the fuel mixture setting. By tightening the nut 325, the sleeve 324is clamped tightly against a plate 338, and the plate 338 against the member 330 so that the parts 324, 338 and 330 will rotate together. Member 330 can be rotated manually by means connected with plate 338 or automatically through a connection between arm 320 and sleeve 324. Since it is necessary to insure that the parts 324, 338 and 330 be tightly clamped together in the desired adjusted angular relation when the .nut 325 is tightened, the reduced extension 3320f member 330 is provided with radial teeth 334 which engage radial teeth 336 formed on adjacent face of the plate 338. Radial teeth 340 similar to the teeth 336 are formed on the opposite side of the plate 338 and these engage correspond ing teeth 342 on the flanged end of sleeve 324 so that, where the assembly of parts is clamped together, the two sets of teeth 334, 336 and 340, 342 engage to prevent any slippage between the parts 324, 338 and 330.

The connection between the arm 320 and the sleeve 324 is a yieldable connection so that sleeve 324 can override arm 320 when plate 338 is manually operated. This yieldable connection comprises a plurality of roundheaded studs 344, which are carried by a flange 346 projecting outwardly from the sleeve 324, and engage holes 348 in a flange 350 which extends outwardly from the sleeve 322. The sleeve 322 can move longitudinally with respect to sleeve 324, but is normally held in such position thatthe studs extend into the holes by a compression spring 352 received between the sleeve and a cup-shaped element '354 fitted on the outer surface of sleeve 324 and held against movement toward the right by a spring retainer clip 356 which is received in a groove on the outer surface of sleeve 324. A V

The automatic movement of sleeve 324 through actuation of arm 320 is effected by oil pressure operating through the piston 272 andcontrolled in a manner to be described. Means are provided, however, to rotate the sleeve 324 manually to effect a change in mixture setting in the event of any emergency which might occur or if the automatic device is disabled through failure of oil pressure or for any other reason. The manual operating means includes an annular element 360 secured to the periphery of the circular plate 338 in any suitable way, or integral therewith; and rotatably mounted thereon is a second annular element 362 having an operating arm 364 integral therewith, said arm being adapted to be connected with some suitable form of operating linkage which extends to a lever in the cockpit to be operated by the -pilot, the operating linkage and lever not being shown herein.

The annular element 362 is retained between a flange 365 formed on the'element 360 and split-wire snap ring 366 which engages a groove in the element 360 so that element 362 is movable only rotatably with respect to element 360. Means are provided, however, through which rotation of element 362 by its operating arm will cause a rotation of element 360, and through the plate 338 a corresponding rotation of the member 330 to effect a change in mixture setting. For this purpose, the element 360 has two lugs or teeth 368 which project radially inwardly into elongated notches 370 formed in the outer surface of'the element 360, as best shown in Fig. 9a. When the lugs engage the end of the elongated notches, the element 360 is rotated with the element 362, but about 30 of lost motion are provided in which there may be relative movement between the two elements 360 and 362 before that one of those elements which is being moved can etfect movement of the other element. The actual idle movement ofeither element 360 or 362 will depend, of course, on the position of the two elements at the time movement actually starts.

With the mechanism described, if the arm 320 is actuated by the piston 272, the mixture regulating element 330 will be moved until the lost motion provided by the lugs and notches described is eliminated before there is any tendency to move the element 362 which is connected to the manual mechanism. After the lost motion is eliminated, there Will be a force applied to the element 362 and the manually operable control lever will be shifted. If the automatic mechanism fails and the manually operable lever is used to set the mixture control, the lost motion will be first eliminated and then the yieldable connection will yield to permit movement of the control member 330 without corresponding movement of its actuating arm 320.

If desired, the notches 370 can be eliminated, so that the movement of the mixture control lever in the cockpit indicates the functioning of the automatic mixture control. Then the parts'338, 360, 362 and 364 can be made integral.

As already stated, the pressure operated piston 272 is controlled in its operation by the periphery of the cam plate 234 which controls the pitch of the propeller. The cam periphery has two concentric surfaces designated by the reference number 380 and between these surfaces is a dip 382, and these surfaces cooperate with the movable element of a' control valve to determine its position. The valve comprises an outer cylinder 384 which is fixed in position in a bore 385 formed in the wall of the housing section 24 and is provided with ports through which oil may flow. An oil passage 386 communicates with said bore 'to supply oil. This passage 386 is formed in the housing section 24 and, when the parts are assembled in proper position, registers with the high pressure oil passage 60, formed in the wall of housing section 2 and which supplies oil to the main servo piston 34.

The outer surface of cylinder 384 is provided with three grooves 388, 390 and 392, each of which communicates with one of a series of ports numbered 394, 396 and 398, respectively. There are four ports in each series, but the number may be varied. The oil supply passage 386 communicates with the groove 390, and the series of ports 396, while an oil passage 400 formed in the Wall of the housing, connects at one end with groove 388 and ports 394, and at the other end with the cylinder 274, at the right side of piston 272. Another oil passage 402 connects at one end with groove 392 and ports 398, and at the other end with the cylinder 274 at the left side of piston 272.

Slidable within the cylinder 384 is a hollow valve member 404, open at its lower end and urged upwardly into engagement with the cam periphery by a compression spring 406 received within the valve member between the bottom of bore 385 and the upper end of the valve member which is closed except for plurality of oil passages 408, that connect the space within the valve member with the interior of housing sections 22 and 24 in which the operating cam is located. An oil drain passage 410 (Fig. 15) connects with the drain passage 95 in the bottom of the housing section 2 to convey oil flowing from the cylinder 274 back to the source of supply, as shown in Figs. 5 and 10.

The valve member 404 has a series of holes 412 which communicate with ports 394 and a series of grooves 414 arranged longitudinally of the valve member which are of such length as to communicate with the ports 396 at all times and with ports 394 or 398 when the valve memher 404 is in its upper or lower position, respectively. The passages 408 allow oil to flow from the interior of the member 404 to the interior of the housing to be returned to the source of supply through passages 410 and 95.

The operation of the above described cam controlled valve mechanism is very simple. Throughout most of the rotation of the cam the valve member 404 is in engagement with the surface 380 which maintains said valve member in its lower position, as shown in the drawings. In this position oil under. pressure enters the ports 396 and flows down the passages 414, flows outwardly through ports 398 and passage 402 into cylinder 274 at the left side of piston 272, forcing the piston to the position shown in Figs. 7 and 15. During this motion of the piston 278, the oil at the right thereof is forced through passage 400, ports 394 and 412 to the interior of the valve member 404, from which point it flows through passages 408 to the space within the housing section 22, the ports 394 and 412 being so positioned that they slightly overlap under these conditions to permit a flow of oil therethrough. With the parts inthe position described, the mixture control mechanism is moved by the piston 272 to give a rich mixture which is suitable for operation under most operating conditions.

If the cam is moved to a position where the surface 382 engages the valve member 404, such member will be lifted by spring 406 to its upper position. In such position, the ports 412 are out of registry with the ports 394, but the upper ends of passages 414 have been moved into registry with the ports 394 and the lower ends of such passages are in registry with ports 396. Oil can then flow through said ports 396, passages 414, ports 394 and passage 400 to the right side of piston 272 moving such piston to the left. As the piston so moves, oil to the left thereof is forced through passage 402 into the space within member 404 and out of passages 408, the lower end of member 404 being above the edge of ports 398, to partly uncover such ports when the member 404 is in its upper position. The movement of piston 272 to the left sets the mixture control for a lean mixture.

It will be noted particularly that the control cam is posi tioned so that the surface 392 is engaged by valve member 404 only when the main control lever 186 is set in position to adjust the manifold pressure for cruising, thisbeing the only operating condition when it is desirable to automatically position the mixture control mechanism for a lean mixture.

Regardless of what position the automatic control may occupy, the manually operable lever 364 may be moved by the operator at any time to adjust the mixture control to give whatever mixture is necessary for proper operation of the engine. Also, in the event of any failure of the automatic device to operate, the pilot may use the manual device to adjust the mixture as desired. It will be apparent also that the automatic device sets the mixture control in either one of two positions only, n'ch, if the piston 272 is at the right end of the cylinder 274, and lean, if it is at the left end of the cylinder.

The provision for manually overriding the automatic fuel-air mixture ratio selector, allows the pilot to vary the mixture at will or to cut off the fuel supply when stopping the engine. Strictly, the maintenance of a given fuel air ratio is the function of the automatic metering mechanism of the carburetor, the present device selects only whether the auto rich or the auto lean range of the carburetor is operative, this selection formerly being under control of the pilot by the so-called mixture lever in the cockpit.

Means are provided to prevent operation of the engine at a speed above a maxmium predetermined speed in order to prevent possible damage which might be occasioned by too high speed operation. The means to accomplish this result is a solenoid which is automatically energized when the speed reaches the predetermined speed referred to and is elfective to operate the control valve for the main servo piston to cause the latter to move the throttle toward closed position. This movement of the throttle will cause a reduction in engine housing section 24 by the machine screws 50 which hold. Within the: casing 420 and insulated therefrom is a winding 426,. lying between two end plates 428 and surrounding a brass;

the housing sections 2 and 24 together.

tube 430 from which the winding is suitably insulated, Fixed within the tube 430 is the core 432 and slidable within the tube is the armature 434 provided with restricted ports 434a and attached-to a rod 436 that extends through the core and is directly in alignment with the movable element of the control valve for the main servo piston. A compression spring 438 normally holds the armature in the position shown in Fig. 6 and in which position it abuts a disc .of insulating material 440. Leads 442 and 444 are connected with the winding and a suitable cable armor (not shown) for enclosing these leads is adapted to fit within the nipple 446 extending laterally from the casing 420. As shown in Fig. 15,"

leads 444 and 442 are connected with a speed controlled switch anda battery 445. The speed controlled switch may be of any desired form, a suitable design of switch being shown in Fig. 12A and described briefly later.

Whenever the speed controlled switch is closed, the armature 434 moves to the left and rod 436 engages the tubular member 80 of the servo control valve, such member being always at or near its limit of movement to the right when the engine speed is sufiicient to energize the solenoid.- Rod 436 will, in this way, move member'80 toward the left which will cause a movement of the servo piston toward the right, partially closing the throttle and effecting a reduction in engine speed. When the speed is sufficiently reduced, the solenoid will be asses-s6 tie-energized andthe armature 434 will bemoved back by spring 438to its original position as shown in Fig. 6. This movement of armature 434 is retarded by the dash pot provided by the armature, the tube 430 and the disc 440, the ,ports 434a in the armature providing for a retarded transfer of air. Therefore, the armature rod 436 does not release the valve 80 as soon as the speed diminishes to open the speed controlled switch. This feature is conducive to a stable operation of the automatic pressure regulator, thereby preventing the surging of the engine speed between'limits above the predetermined maximum speed.

The speed control switch which is shown diagrammatically in Fig. 12A includes a shaft 450, which is driven by the engine at speeds which vary as the engine speed varies. A cup-shaped member 452, attached to the shaft 450,carries pins 454 which pivotally support weights456 which are normally held in the position shown in the drawings by springs 458 received in recesses 460 in the weights and engaging the member 452. Each weight 456 carries a pin 462 which engages the flanged end 464 of a sleeve 466 which surrounds the shaft 450 and is slidable thereon. This sleeve may either rotate on the shaft or rotate with it. Secured in the end of the sleeve is a non-conducting button 468 which engages a resilient contact arm. 470 fixed at one end to a suitable mounting 472 and normally resting against a. stoppin 474. The arm 470 carries a contact 476 which is movable by the button 468 into engagement with a cooperating fixed contact 478 when the engine speed reaches a predetermined maximum and is disengaged therefrom by the inherent resiliency. of the arm 470 when the engine speed drops off to a predetermined extent. The switch contacts476, 478 are connected one with a battery 445 (Fig. 15) and one with wire 444 leading to solenoid 416. Wire 4412 connects battery 445 with solenoid 416.

lotation of the shaft 450 causes weights 456 to move on pivots, 454, due to centrifugal force, and pins 462 move sleeve 466 to the right so that when the speed of shaft 455) attains a predetermined value, the button 468 engages the resilient switch arm and closes the switch. As the speed. of shaft 450 decreases following energization of the solenoid and the resulting deceleration of the engine, the switch is opened. The openingof the switch causes the de-energization of the solenoid 416 and the release of valve 80 which moves toward a position for causing higher intake pressure and higher engine speed. This cycle is repeated so long as the speed of the engine tends to exceed the maximum allowable speed. The variation in speed warns the pilot that the propeller pitch controller is not working properly.

Figs. 16 and 17 are diagrams showing the mode of. operation. In Fig. 17 curve ab shows the relation of throttle opening to movements of main lever 186 when the piston 34 remains at the right end of cylinder 36. In other words, curve a-b shows the throttle opening which can be effected manually. For a particular type of engine, the throttle opens from idle position to about a 40 position, while the lever 186 moves from about the 1" position to the 39 /2 position. Curve a'b of v Fig. 16 shows the corresponding manifold pressures obtainable at sea level.

The heavy located vertical line indicatingthe 13 position of lever 186 is where a,'b intersects curve ghj-k; and this 13 line shows the minimum setting of lever 186 for obtaining full automatic control from sea level upwardly. The heavy vertical line indicating the 33 position of lever 186 and marked military and take-off indicates the position of the setting oflever 186 required for take-cit. The heavy vertical line indicating the 391/2" position of lever 186 and marked emergency indicates thesetting of lever 186 requiredfor emergency operation.

The movements of main lever 186 cause movements of earn 144 whichcontrols thedatum of valve 80 which Fullautomatic control begins here.

controls the servo which effects an opening of the throttle in addition to the opening etfected by the lever 186. If the cam 144 is set to give a maximum selected intake pressure of 52 .42" Hg, the degrees of cam movement corresponding to degrees of lever movement are shown by curve c-d of Fig. 17. Curve e of Fig. 16 shows the relation of degrees of cam movement to engine intake pressure in inches of mercury (absolute). For example, movement of lever 186 to 39 /2 position causes movement of cam 144 to about its 89 position, Fig. 17. According to point 3 of culve e-f of Fig. 16, the 89 position of cam 144 gives a maximum pressure selection of 52 /2" Hg.

The throttle opening obtained by manual operation plux maximum servo operation (piston left) corresponding to various positions of lever 186 is represented by curve s-r, Fig. 17. The maximum is approximately of throttle movement when the lever 186 is at the 39 /2 position and the servo piston is at the extreme left position. The differences between the ordinates of curves st and .ab (Fig. 17) represent the range of servopiston movement to efiect throttle opening in addition to that obtained by manual operation. Curve s-t shows that the intake pressure regulator is not capable of pro ducing maximum throttle opening when pressure selections are below military power. Test work conducted onthe engine under consideration indicates that, for all practical purposes, the critical altitude under (the above described) cruising and normal power conditions is not reduced to an appreciable extent. It is possible to design the controller so that the throttle valve will be fully opened atsettings ofthe main control lever less than required for take-off.

it will be understood that whenever the pilot operates the main control lever to select some desired pressure for take-elf, cruising orother operation of the aircraft, the movement of the throttle valve to obtain that pressure is partly manual and partly automatic. The operating connections between the main lever and the throttle are such that when the lever is operated to select a pressure, the. throttle is never moved all the way, to the position it must occupy to obtain the pressure selected. There is always an automatic movement of the throttle in addition to the manual movement when there is an operation of the mainlever to select a pressure. After a selected pressure has been initially obtained, that pressure is maintained during operation of the aircraft at different altitudes entirely automatically Without any manual movement of the throttle.

Curve g-h-jk marked selected pressure, 52 /2 setting, sea level shows the relation between degrees of main lever movement and engine intake pressure selection for sea level operation. Pressure selection is obtained bymovements of cam 144 which isrnoved by mainl'ever 186. When lever 186 has moved to the 13 position, cam 144-. has moved to its 36 position, as noted on curve cd, Fig. 17. This gives a pressure selection of 20 according to point 1 curve e-f, Fig. 16. Hence, point 11 on curve g--h-j-k indicates 20 pressure selection when lever 186 is in the 13 position. When lever 186 is moved to its 33 or take-off position, cam 144 moves to its 76 position (Fig. 17) which gives a selection of 45" pressure, as indicated by point 2 on curve ef (Fig. 17) and point I on curve g-hj-k. When lever 186 is moved to its 39 /2 or emergency position, cam 144 moves to its 89 position as indicated by curve cd (Fig. 17) which gives a pressure selection of 52 /2" as indicated by point 3 on curve e-f (Fig. 16) and by point k on curve gh-jk. That part of. the selected pressure curve between 11 and [6 represents the range of automatic pressure regulation at sea level, and upwardly, when the maximum pressure to be selected is 52 /2. Line n 0 represents the modification of the range of pressure-selection which, at sea level, is represented by Link 30 moves to 30 eccentric 148 as the piston 34 moves toward the left. One advantage of this is to keep the I. M. E. P. (indicated' mean effective pressure) substantially constant with variation in altitude. In case of a single speed mechanically driven super-charger, this condition would give substantial constant power independent of altitude. Another advantage of the action of eccentric 148 is the stabilization of the operation of the automatic regulator.

Curve ah shows on account of its up and down character that the pressure cannot be controlled by the automatic pressure regulator. Therefore, pressures along 117: are obtained only manually by the main lever movement only. This is done by making the pressure selection curve gh lie well below a'h, while this unstable condition occurs in the engine. To the right of point h, the manifold pressure steadily increases with throttle opening, this being necessary in order to insure stability and prevent hunting.

Whenever possible, point g should be 30" to 35" Hg, below idling intake pressure since breakage of the aneroid bellows 196 (Fig. will cause the pressure selected by cam 144 to increase by atmospheric pressure. To make it possible 'for the pilot to close the throttle with a broken aneroid, the lowest selected pressure, when the aneroid bellows 196 is broken, should be no greater than idling pressure. In the disclosed form of the invention, if the aneroid bellows 196 were broken, the selected pressure would be according to line lm in Fig. 16 which is 30" Hg above g-h. Therefore, movement of the main con trol lever 186 to 0' position causes the intake pressure to become the value 1 which is substantially the same as value a at the left end of curve a-b. Therefore, the pilot has complete control of the engine throttle for landing purposes. 1

When the connection between link 172 and arms 180 and 160 is as shown in Fig. 1, the cam 144 will select pressures up to 52 /2" Hg. When the connecting pins 176 and 168 pass through holes in arms 180 and 160 other than as shown, the cam 144 will select pressures up to maximum other than 52 /2". For example, when pin 176 passes through uppermost hole 178 of arm 180 and when pin 168 passes through the lowermost hole of arm 160, the cam 144 will select pressures up to 65 Hg.

Then the movement of the cam '144 is related to the movement of lever 186 as indicated by line C'd' (Fig. 17), the selected pressure will be as shown by line g--h'--k'; and the selected pressure with broken aneroid will be as shown by line l--m' in Fig. 16.

Line p-r (Fig. 17) shows the relation between movement of lever 186' and selected engine or propeller R. P. M. as determined by cam 238. This is typical of one particular engine and may vary with different types of engines.

Line uvw--xyz (Fig. 17). shows the relation between movement of lever 186 and the automatic rich setting and the automatic lean setting of the carburetor as determined by cam surfaces 380, 382.

Fig. 18 is a diagram showing various positionsof the mechanism for controlling the position of the throttle valve v. The various links, rods, levers and pivotal con-' nections are numbered with the reference numbers applied to the parts illustrated in the preceding figures. When control lever 186 is at 0 or 186 position, the other parts are located in the positions indicated by subscript number 1. Pivot 17a is at 17a differential lever arms are at 28 and 14 link 30 is at 30 link 12 is at 12 throttle shaft arm a is at a and throttle valve v is at v; which is idle position.

Movement of lever 186 from 0 or 186 position to 33 or 186 position, required for take-off (Fig. 17),

causes the pivot 17a to move to 17a and the differential lever arms 28 and 14 to move to 28 and 14 ,frespectively. Link 12 moves to.1 2 arm a' to a and valve v to vg which is the 32 position as ill- '45" Hg dynamic ram of air at the entrance of the intake system.

dicated by the chart (Fig.1'7) at point v where curve a b crossesthe 33 vertical line marked take-01f. Movement of lever 186 to 186 also causes such movement of the cam 144 as to cause the selection of 45" Hg intake pressure as indicated at f on curve g-hj-k (Fig. 16) where that curve crosses the 33 or take-off.

line. Piston 34 moves toward the left to cause such further opening of valve v as necessary to maintain 45" Hg pressure in the engine intake. To insure that manifold pressure at sea level does not exceed the selected value, for example, even under conditions giving a due to the forwardly projecting air scoop and high airplane speed, it is arbitrarily arranged that opening of the throttle by direct manual linkage is insuflicient, even at sea level, to give the selected pressure and that, in consequence, the throttle must be additionally slightly opened by the servo-piston 34. This provides the desired margin so that the piston 34 floats off its right end stop and can maintain pressure by motions in either direction.

As altitude increases from sea level, the movement of piston 34 increases. At critical altitude, the piston 34 will have moved to extreme left position 34 thereby causing link 30 to move to 30 and differential levers 28 and 14 to move to 28 and 14 respectively, link 12to move to 12 arm a to move to a and valve v to move to v which is its 77 position which corresponds to point v on Fig. 17, where curve st crosses the 33 or takeoff. line.

Point r on curve pr together with point k on curve g-hik represents the conditions for maximum power at sea level. For example, the speed for engine maximum power for 52 /2 selected pressure is 2800 R. 'P. M. engine speed at sea level according to curve pr.

directly connected to the engine is used, is greatest at engine maximum speed. This is 3000 R. P. M. engine speed in the engine under consideration and corresponds to a setting of lever 186 between its 33 and 36 /2 positions approximately.

Therefore, in order to make an emergency flight, the pilot sets lever 186 at 186., or the 39 /2 position, thereby moving pilot 17a to 1711 and the differential lever to 14., and 28. link 12 to 12 arm a to 0 and valve v to v,

-or about the 40 position. This movement of lever 186 [sets cam 144 to select a pressure of 52 /2" Hg. As the valve v at v or about the 81 position. Further movement of piston 34 to 34 at the extreme left in Fig. 18, which is attained at the critical altitude for the 52 /2" l-lg pressure setting, causes the differential lever 14, 28 to pivot around the stud 20a and not the pivot 17a. Therefore, pivot 17a moves from 17:1 to 17%, the differential lever 28, 14 moves from 28 14 to 28 14 link 12 moves from 12 to 12 arm a from a to a and valve v from v to v which is the 79 position. As pivot 17a is kicked back from 17a to 17a shaft 20 must move the same angular distance which is about 3. Cam 238 (having 5 to 1 ratio with shaft 20) moves 15 which causes the speed selection to change from 2800 R. P. M. to 3000 R. P. M. The kicking back of shaft 20 causes a clockwise movement of cam 144 which moves to a position corresponding to the 36 /2 position or the 186 position of lever 186; This gives a pressure selection of about 48" Hg which is safe to use when the engine speed is 3000 R. P. M. in order to attain an altitude higher than the critical for the 2800 R. P. M. and 52" Hg pressure selection.

Engine. critical altitude, when a mechanically driven supercharger roasts- Fig. 18a shows graphically the function of the kick back. Curve A--B--C shows the relation of propelling horsepower and altitude for engine operation at 2000 R. P. M., 52 /2 Hg intake pressure; and curve D--EF shows that relation for engine operation at 3000 R. P. M. and about 48". Hg intake pressure. The ascent is made according to curve A-B. When critical altitude B is reached, a shift is made during the kick-back of differential lever pivot 17a from 17a to 1711 (about 3) from B on curve A-BC to E on curve DEF so that the altitude E (higher than B) can be attained before propelling horsepower decreases appreciably. The engine can be safely operated in an emergency at a speed increased to. 3000 R. P. M. and at intake pressure reduced to about 48" Hg. This shows that a rapid ascent can be made without overloading the engine until a certain high altitude is reached. Then to go higher, the engine can be temporarily crowded" or speeded up without. danger of overloading, since the intake pressure is reduced. By following this procedure of engine control, the engine will stand up under a number of emergencies greatlyexceeding the number which would obtainwhere it is attempted to climb at maximum speed.

As stated before, lever 186, which is represented diagrammatically in Fig. 18 as one lever, is in fact a divided lever system comprising an arm 186a journalled on shaft 20 and operatively connected with an arm-18612 fixed to shaft 20 by a compression spring 480 (Fig. 1). Therefore, when arm 18Gb is kicked back to 1865, (Fig.

18) while the pilot maintains the arm 186:: in the- 39 /2 position (or 186 in Fig. 18) the spring 480 is compressed. When the emergency is over and thepilot causes the arm 1860 to return to the 33 or militaryp'osition, the arm 18Gb does not back up 6 /2 to its position, but returns to its 33 position also, because thespring 480 is permitted to expand to restore to normal the angular relation between the lever arms 186a and 1865. The spring 480 has force sutficient to control'the cam 238 which effects selection of engine or propeller R. P'. M., so that this selection will be at 3000 R. P. M. as'the lever system 186 returns to military position. I

Fig. 19 is a diagram showing the pilots control lever 500 located in the cockpit for controlling the main control lever 186 (which in fact includes arms186a and 18Gb as previously described, but which is shown diagrammatically as a single lever). Lever 500 comprises a knob 501 integral with a tube 502 attached to a toothed block or detent 503 for engaging a toothed segment 5'04 on a stationary sector 505. Tube 502 is slidably supported by a lever rod 506having a head 507. Between head .507 and a plate 508 on the interior of knob 501, there is located a spring 509 which urges the knob 501 and the detent 503 upwardly to engage the segment. 504.

The lever rod 506 has a hub 510. pivoted on a pin 511 carried by sector 505 and is connected by link 512 with lever 186.

Depression of knob 501 is required before the lever 500 can be moved from 0 position to the 33 position; or to intermediate positions. Release of knob 501 permits detent 503 to engage the toothed part of segment 504 so that the lever 500 will remain in its 0 or 33 positions or between them. Before moving lever 500 into 39%" or emergency position, knob 501 is pressed. As the lever 500 is so moved, rod 506 which is at 506ain the 33 position of lever 500, pushes against a pad 520 urged. by a spring. 521. toward the right; and spring, 509 pushes detent 503 against thesmooth part 513 of' segment 504. Therefore, the pilot is required to hold the lever 500 in emergency position. When the emergency is over, the pilot releases grasp of the lever 500, whereupon the spring 520 expands toforcelever 500 to the 33" position, where it is held by the re-engagement ofdetent 503 with the toothed part of segment 504'. Therefore, the pilot is not required to remember to restore the cockpit lever 500 to military or take-off position when the emergency ceases.

In case the controller is damaged so that piston 34' sticks and does not return to right position by spring 38, provision is made for moving the throttle valve manually to a closed position sufiicient for landing.

For example, if the piston 34 were stuck at location 34' (Fig. l9 )'thrott1e valve v would be in partly open position v. To move the valve to idle position v, the knob 501 is depressed and the lever 500 is moved to 500 or -30 position, thereby causing the throttle valve to move from v to v. Therefore, the pilot can move the throttle valve to idle position.

Rszrm of advantages Most airplane engines have a supercharger directly driven by the engine which delivers to the manifold, air or air and fuel mixture under pressure. The supercharger ismade to give the desired intake manifold pressure at the rated altitude,,consequently below rated altitude the intake system has to be throttled down to prevent overboosting and serious mechanical damage to the engine. Without means of controlling manifold pressure independently from altitude, the pilot is compelled to operate the throttle as the altitude changes, this being a serious handicap on military or commercial airplanes. This handicap is eliminated by the present engine. controller. All that the pilot is required to do is to move the cockpit lever 500, which shifts the main control lever 186- of the controller, to the desired position, such as idle during the warm-up period, and to takeoff when it is desired to leave the ground. Movement of the lever 186 causes the throttle valve 'to' open part way and the servo piston 34 of the automatic regulator moves left to effect whatever additional opening of the throttle is required to obtain the manifold pressure selectedfor take-off. As theplane ascends, the piston 34 moves left to cause the selected manifold pressureto bemaintained in a predetermined relation to altitude. As critical altitude is approached, the selected pressure is gradually decreased below that selected at sea level, due to the action of eccentric 148, in order to maintain a substantially constant indicated mean effective pressure. The cam 144, in fact, is designed to give a pressure which is slightly in excess of the pressure selected by movement of lever 186. But, as the piston 34 moves left, a correction is made by the accompanying movement of the eccentric 148 Another advantage of this action is to produce stabilityof operation of the automatic pressure regulator. Hunting is substantially eliminated.

During descent the'piston 34. moves right p'artlyto close the throttle to whatever position is required to maintain the selected pressure in a predetermined relation to altitude.

Another important advantage is that the pilot can operate the throttle manually in case of failure of the automatic pressure regulator and failure of the servo piston 34 to move from its rest position, the linkagehaving been so constructed-that the pilot can open the throttle manually to obtainnearly full power at sea level. In case of oil pressurefa'ilure when piston is at left, spring 38 will return piston 34 to the right or rest position to give the minimum throttle openingthat can be effected by the automatic pressure regulator. This is done to protect the engine from immediate failure in casethe oil system is damaged, whilepermitting the pilot to obtain adequate throttle opening for landing. in other words, take-otf'can be performed. independently of the condition of. the automatic pressure regulator. if, after taking. off, the pilot finds. the plane is unable to rise with adequate or proper power, he knows that the automatic pressurere'gulatof'is not operating and he can safely landsincehe has sufiicient manual control of the throttlevalve; 

